{"id":716,"date":"2026-06-05T16:29:23","date_gmt":"2026-06-05T16:29:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/?p=716"},"modified":"2026-06-05T16:29:26","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T16:29:26","slug":"vacunas-anatomia-forense-154-millones-vidas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/vacunas-anatomia-forense-154-millones-vidas\/","title":{"rendered":"Vaccines: The Forensic Anatomy of the 154 Million Lives They Stole from Death (1796\u20132024)"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n\/* === Ocultar elementos del tema para layout custom === *\/\nbody.postid-716>.wp-site-blocks>main.wp-block-group{display:none!important}\nbody.postid-716 .wp-site-blocks>.wp-block-group.has-global-padding{padding-top:0!important}\nbody.postid-716 .wp-site-blocks>.wp-block-group>.wp-block-group:first-child{padding-top:0!important;margin-top:0!important}\nbody.postid-716 .entry-title{display:none!important}\nbody.postid-716 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Referencias === *\/\nbody.postid-716 .mm-refs{margin-top:2em;padding:1.3em 1.6em;background:rgba(198,244,50,.05);border-left:3px solid #c6f432;border-radius:4px}\nbody.postid-716 .mm-refs h3{color:#c6f432!important;margin-top:0;font-size:1.1rem}\nbody.postid-716 .mm-refs ol{padding-left:1.3rem;margin:.5em 0 0;color:#cfcfcf}\nbody.postid-716 .mm-refs li{margin-bottom:.5em;font-size:.9em;line-height:1.55}\nbody.postid-716 .mm-refs em{color:#cccccc}\n\n\/* === Mobile === *\/\n@media(max-width:680px){\n  body.postid-716 h1.mm-custom-title{font-size:1.55em}\n  body.postid-716 .mm-subtitle{font-size:.9em}\n  body.postid-716 .mm-content h2{font-size:1.3em}\n  body.postid-716 .mm-content h3{font-size:1.1em}\n  body.postid-716 .mm-content p{font-size:.95rem}\n  body.postid-716 .mm-content table{font-size:.78rem}\n  body.postid-716 .mm-content table th,body.postid-716 .mm-content table td{padding:.45rem .55rem}\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"mm-hero\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/vacunas-01-hero.png\" alt=\"Balanza de bronce antigua con un vial de vacuna frente a un cr\u00e1neo, en un estudio documental tenue\" \/><\/div>\n\n<h1 class=\"mm-custom-title\">FROM SMALLPOX TO <span class=\"accent\">154 MILLION<\/span>: ANATOMY <span class=\"accent\">FORENSIC<\/span> ABOUT VACCINES<\/h1>\n<p class=\"mm-subtitle\">Two Centuries of Immunization, Statistics, and the Figure That Rewrote Human Demography<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"mm-content\">\n\n<div class=\"mm-disclaimer\"><strong>Editorial note.<\/strong> This dossier is a documentary review of historical, epidemiological and statistical modeling literature published in peer-reviewed journals. <strong>This does not constitute medical advice or a personalized vaccination schedule.<\/strong> The aggregated recommendations of the <strong>WHO<\/strong>, the <strong>CDC<\/strong> And national regulatory agencies remain the clinical reference. The purpose is to document, with verifiable figures, the historical magnitude of the impact of immunization and the ongoing coverage challenges in 2024.<\/div>\n\n<p>For millennia, infectious diseases were the oldest and deadliest enemy of human health: viruses, bacteria, and parasites decimated entire populations, toppled empires, and dictated the course of history. The extraordinary improvement in life expectancy observed in the last 150 years rests on many disciplines\u2014sanitary engineering, agriculture, antibiotics\u2014but one instrument stands out above the rest as the most decisive factor in reducing mortality: the vaccine.<\/p>\n\n<p>This analysis covers that entire arc, from the first empirical attempts at artificial immunization to the most recent statistical assessment. And that assessment has a figure that should be established from the outset: according to a retrospective modeling study led by the <strong>WHO<\/strong> and published in <em>The Lancet<\/em> in <strong>May 2024<\/strong>, Global immunization programs have saved at least <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">154 million lives<\/span> in five decades.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"mm-callout\"><strong>The essentials in three lines.<\/strong> In 50 years (1974\u20132024), vaccination prevented approximately 154 million deaths\u201495% in children under five\u2014and accounts for 40% of the global decline in child mortality. Measles alone represents 60% of that reduction. However, coverage stalled after COVID-19, and 14.3 million infants still have not received a single dose.<\/div>\n\n<h2>Module 1 \u2014 The Oldest Enemy: Smallpox, Variolation and the Birth of the \u201cVaccine\u201d<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"mm-section-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/vacunas-02-modulo1-viruela.png\" alt=\"Lanceta met\u00e1lica antigua y l\u00e1minas de inoculaci\u00f3n sobre pergamino envejecido, iluminaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica fr\u00eda\" \/><figcaption>The instruments of early variolation: the primitive gesture that preceded modern immunology.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h3>A 3,000-year plague<\/h3>\n\n<p>Smallpox was, without a doubt, one of the most lethal and disfiguring diseases known to humankind. Caused by the virus <em>Variola<\/em>, did not discriminate between social classes and killed approximately <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">1 in 3 infected<\/span>, with a death risk close to 30%, especially devastating among babies and young children. Its antiquity is astonishing: the smallpox scars on the pharaoh&#039;s mummified head <strong>Ramses V<\/strong> They place human cases at least as far back as 1350 BC. Because it primarily affected children, its outbreaks decimated the life expectancy of entire nations: records of <strong>Sweden<\/strong> The data between 1774 and 1900 show how each major epidemic coincided with abrupt drops in the average lifespan of the population.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Intentional exposure as a defense<\/h3>\n\n<p>Faced with this existential threat, different cultures resorted to <em>variolation<\/em>Deliberately exposing healthy individuals to material from the sores to induce a milder form. <strong>China<\/strong>, Sixteenth-century accounts describe \u201cinsufflation\u201d\u2014dried, crushed scabs blown into the nostrils\u2014; in the <strong>India<\/strong> It was inoculated with a lancet on scarified skin. The practice reached the American colonies in <strong>1721<\/strong>, when an enslaved African man named <strong>Onesimus<\/strong> She explained the procedure to Reverend Cotton Mather during an outbreak in Massachusetts; that same year, the aristocrat <strong>Lady Mary Wortley Montagu<\/strong> He formally introduced it to Western Europe after observing it in the Ottoman Empire. Variolation reduced mortality, but retained an inherent risk: it could trigger a severe illness and cause new outbreaks.<\/p>\n\n<h3>1796: Jenner and the word that comes from the cow<\/h3>\n\n<p>The leap towards biologically safe immunization came at the end of the 18th century. <strong>1774<\/strong>, <strong>Benjamin Jesty<\/strong> He experimentally tested an old rural belief: that having suffered from cowpox (<em>cowpox<\/em>It protected against smallpox. Two decades later, the English doctor <strong>Edward Jenner<\/strong> He systematized the finding. In <strong>May 1796<\/strong> inoculated the 8-year-old boy <strong>James Phipps<\/strong> with material from a cowpox sore taken from the hand of the milkmaid Sarah Nelmes. In July, he repeated the experiment with material from active human smallpox: Phipps did not get sick. The world&#039;s first effective vaccine had been born, and with it the term <em>vaccine<\/em>, derived from Latin <em>cow<\/em> (cow). Despite the skepticism\u2014in 1802 rumors circulated that inoculation would turn people into cows\u2014figures like <strong>Napoleon Bonaparte<\/strong> y <strong>Thomas Jefferson<\/strong> They supported its massive deployment in the early 19th century.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Module 2 \u2014 The Golden Age of Bacteriology: The 10 Oldest Vaccines<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"mm-section-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/vacunas-03-modulo2-laboratorio.png\" alt=\"Mesa de laboratorio del siglo XIX con microscopio de lat\u00f3n, matraces de cultivo y viales de vidrio, luz lateral c\u00e1lida\" \/><figcaption>The laboratory of the \u201cGolden Age\u201d: when the vaccine went from empirical observation to reproducible discipline.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>For almost eighty years, the smallpox vaccine was the only one in use: microbiology could not yet isolate and attenuate other pathogens. That changed with the <strong>Microbial Theory of Disease<\/strong> in the second half of the 19th century, driven by <strong>Louis Pasteur<\/strong> y <strong>Robert Koch<\/strong>. Thus began a \u201cGolden Age\u201d in which vaccine creation became a structured and reproducible laboratory practice.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>#<\/th><th>Year<\/th><th>Disease<\/th><th>Pioneers<\/th><th>Guy<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>1<\/strong><\/td><td>1796\u20131798<\/td><td>Smallpox<\/td><td>Jenner \/ Jesty<\/td><td>Live attenuated (cowpox)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>2<\/strong><\/td><td>1881<\/td><td>Anthrax<\/td><td>Louis Pasteur<\/td><td>Attenuated organisms<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>3<\/strong><\/td><td>1884\u20131885<\/td><td>Anger<\/td><td>Jaime Ferr\u00e1n and Clua<\/td><td>Whole dead<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>4<\/strong><\/td><td>1885<\/td><td>Rage<\/td><td>Pasteur, \u00c9mile Roux<\/td><td>Live attenuated<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>5<\/strong><\/td><td>1890<\/td><td>Tetanus<\/td><td>Emil von Behring<\/td><td>Antitoxin (toxoid in 1924)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>6<\/strong><\/td><td>1896<\/td><td>Typhoid fever<\/td><td>Wright, Pfeiffer, Kolle<\/td><td>Whole dead<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>7<\/strong><\/td><td>1897<\/td><td>Bubonic plague<\/td><td>Waldemar Haffkine<\/td><td>Whole dead<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>8<\/strong><\/td><td>1921<\/td><td>Tuberculosis (BCG)<\/td><td>Calmette, Gu\u00e9rin<\/td><td>Live attenuated<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>9<\/strong><\/td><td>1923<\/td><td>Diphtheria<\/td><td>Ramon von Behring Kitasato<\/td><td>Purified toxoid<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>10<\/strong><\/td><td>1924<\/td><td>Scarlet fever<\/td><td>George and Gladys Dick<\/td><td>Erythrogenic toxin<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<h3>Pasteur, Ferran and the art of attenuation<\/h3>\n\n<p>The second big leap was led by <strong>Louis Pasteur<\/strong>: in <strong>1881<\/strong> He developed the anthrax vaccine, establishing that pathogens grown in the laboratory could be attenuated by chemical or thermal means. The Spaniard <strong>Jaime Ferr\u00e1n and Clua<\/strong> created between <strong>1884 and 1885<\/strong> the first clinical vaccine against cholera in humans, with whole inactivated bacteria, and immunized on a large scale during an epidemic in Spain.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Rage and the Joseph Meister case<\/h3>\n\n<p>In <strong>1885<\/strong>, Pasteur and <strong>\u00c9mile Roux<\/strong> They achieved the first laboratory-produced live attenuated pathogen vaccine against rabies. The treatment\u201413 progressively more virulent injections of the virus grown in rabbit spinal cord\u2014was administered to the young man. <strong>Joseph Meister<\/strong>, mutilated by a rabid dog. Meister survived, demonstrating for the first time that prophylaxis <em>post<\/em>-Exposure could prevent the disease if applied before the virus reached the central nervous system.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Tetanus, BCG and the \u201cangel strangler\u201d<\/h3>\n\n<p>Active prevention against tetanus\u2014a toxin from <em>Clostridium tetani<\/em>\u2014 matured in <strong>1924<\/strong> with the tetanus toxoid of <strong>Gaston Ramon<\/strong> and C. Zoeller, decisive against maternal and neonatal tetanus. <strong>BCG<\/strong> (1921) cost <strong>Albert Calmette<\/strong> y <strong>Camille Gu\u00e9rin<\/strong> thirteen years of subculture <em>Mycobacterium bovis<\/em>. And diphtheria, nicknamed <em>\u201cthe angel who strangles children\u201d<\/em> because of the pseudomembranes that suffocated its victims, it was neutralized with the purified toxoid of <strong>1923<\/strong>, following the key isolation of a toxin-producing strain by Dr. <strong>Anna Wessels Williams<\/strong> in 1894.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Module 3 \u2014 The Century of Viruses: Yellow Fever, Influenza and the Conquest of Polio<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"mm-section-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/vacunas-04-modulo3-virus.png\" alt=\"Visualizaci\u00f3n microsc\u00f3pica estilizada de part\u00edculas virales con un detalle resaltado en verde lima sobre fondo azul oscuro\" \/><figcaption>The transition to complex viral vaccines marked the most fertile half-century in immunology.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>With major bacterial infections under control, the decades from 1930 to 1960 brought the explosion of viral vaccines and the shift from the solitary laboratory to massive industrial and state collaboration. <strong>1937<\/strong>, <strong>Max Theiler<\/strong> perfected the legendary attenuated vaccine <strong>\u201c17D\u201d<\/strong> against yellow fever; approved in 1938, it was administered to more than a million people and earned him the Nobel Prize.<\/p>\n\n<h3>The etiological error of influenza<\/h3>\n\n<p>The pandemic of <em>\u201cSpanish Flu\u201d<\/em> (H1N1) of <strong>1918\u20131919<\/strong> It infected approximately 500 million people and killed between <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">20 and 50 million<\/span>. For years science pursued the wrong suspect: in 1892, Richard Pfeiffer had isolated a bacterium which he mistakenly named <em>bacillus influenzae<\/em>, And in 1918, hundreds of thousands of doses of useless antibacterial vaccines were manufactured. In that alone... <strong>1933<\/strong>, The British scientists Wilson Smith, CH Andrewes, and PP Laidlaw identified the real culprit: a virus. In the 1940s, <strong>Thomas Francis Jr.<\/strong> y <strong>Jonas Salk<\/strong>, Funded by the U.S. Army, they developed the first functional inactivated influenza vaccine.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Polio: the trial of 1.6 million children<\/h3>\n\n<p>Before countermeasures, poliovirus killed or paralyzed more than half a million people a year, mostly children. The key came in <strong>1949<\/strong>, when <strong>Enders, Weller and Robbins<\/strong> They cultivated the virus in human tissue (Nobel 1954). <strong>Jonas Salk<\/strong> He designed the inactivated killed virus (IPV) vaccine and organized in <strong>1954<\/strong> a titanic field trial with <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">1.6 million children<\/span> in Canada, Finland and the US. The results, announced on <strong>April 12, 1955<\/strong>, They were spectacular. Salk refused to patent his discovery.<\/p>\n\n<blockquote>\u201c&quot;Well, people, I&#039;d say. There&#039;s no patent. Could you patent the sun?&quot;\u201d<span class=\"mm-source\">Jonas Salk, on the ownership of the polio vaccine<\/span><\/blockquote>\n\n<p>Since IPV did not stop intestinal transmission, <strong>Albert Sabin<\/strong> He developed the oral polio vaccine (OPV) using a live attenuated virus. At the height of the Cold War, he collaborated with Soviet virologists such as Mikhail Chumakov: it was tested on 10 million children in the USSR in 1959. The OPV (approved in 1960) allowed <strong>Czechoslovakia<\/strong> (1960) and <strong>Cuba<\/strong> (1962) were the first countries to eliminate polio internally, setting the precedent for global eradication campaigns led by <strong>Rotary International<\/strong> and the WHO since 1988.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Module 4 \u2014 The Arithmetic of Survival: 154 Million Lives<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"mm-section-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/vacunas-05-modulo4-estadistica.png\" alt=\"Balanza de bronce con numerosos viales de vacuna y un libro de registros sobre superficie de madera oscura, luz cenital concentrada\" \/><figcaption>The balance sheet after half a century: the only medical intervention whose impact is measured in hundreds of millions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>In <strong>1974<\/strong>, The WHO created the <strong>Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)<\/strong> to democratize access to biologics. For its 50th anniversary, the study of <em>The Lancet<\/em> (May 2024) modeled, on the <em>Global Burden of Disease Study GBD 2023<\/em> In 204 countries, 14 major pathogens. The verdict: <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">154 million lives<\/span> saved in 50 years, the equivalent of <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">6 lives every minute<\/span>, every day, for five decades.<\/p>\n\n<h3>A rescue focused on childhood<\/h3>\n\n<p>The demographic profile is compelling: of those 154 million, <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">146 million (95%)<\/span> They were children under five years old, and <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">101 million<\/span> They were babies under one year old. Vaccination alone explains the <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">40%<\/span> of the global reduction in infant mortality between 1974 and 2024, a percentage that amounts to <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">52% in Africa<\/span>. For every infant death avoided, an average of 66 years of healthy life were gained: a cumulative total of <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">10.2 billion<\/span> of years of healthy life.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>vaccine-preventable disease<\/th><th>Lives saved (1974\u20132024)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Measles<\/strong><\/td><td>93.7 million<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Tetanus<\/td><td>27.9 million<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Whooping cough<\/td><td>13.2 million<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Tuberculosis<\/td><td>10.9 million<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)<\/td><td>2.85 million<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Pneumococcus<\/td><td>1.63 million<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Poliomyelitis<\/td><td>1.57 million<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Yellow fever<\/td><td>554.000<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Hepatitis B<\/td><td>464.000<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Rotavirus<\/td><td>396.000<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Diphtheria<\/td><td>357.000<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Rubella<\/td><td>286.000<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Japanese encephalitis<\/td><td>29.000<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Meningococcus A<\/td><td>2.000<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Total modeling (14 pathogens)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>~154 million<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<h3>The Titan: Measles<\/h3>\n\n<p>With almost <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">94 million<\/span> Of the deaths avoided\u2014601% of the total impact\u2014measles dominates the contribution to survival. It is one of the most contagious pathogens documented: a single person can infect up to 18. The live attenuated vaccine originated from the \u201cEdmonston-B\u201d strain isolated in 1954 and was licensed in 1963; in 1971, <strong>Maurice Hilleman<\/strong> It was combined with mumps and rubella in the MMR vaccine. But measles requires herd immunity of at least <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">95%<\/span>, and the fraud published in <em>The Lancet<\/em> The 1998 study linking MMR to autism\u2014retracted in 2010\u2014led to a drop in coverage and a resurgence of outbreaks. Today, the WHO monitors it like a \u201ccanary in a coal mine\u201d: its reappearance reveals any gap in a country\u2019s coverage.<\/p>\n\n<h3>DTP, BCG and the profitability of eradicating<\/h3>\n\n<p>The package <strong>DTP<\/strong> (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) has collectively prevented more than <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">41.4 million<\/span> of deaths, with an efficacy close to 100% against diphtheria toxin. The <strong>BCG<\/strong> It is probably the most administered vaccine in history: more than <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">4 billion<\/span> of doses since 1921, and epigenetically trains the innate immune system beyond tuberculosis itself. The most extreme case is the <strong>smallpox<\/strong>: its eradication, certified in <strong>May 1980<\/strong>, It cost a mere $300 million in the 1970s; today, the U.S. recoups its entire historical contribution to that campaign every 26 days. This is empirical proof that preventative biotechnology generates astronomical financial returns.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Balance \/ Conclusions<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>First<\/strong>, The magnitude is unparalleled: no other medical or surgical innovation comes close to the 154 million deaths averted or the 10.2 billion years of healthy life generated in half a century. Immunization is not just another intervention, but the single most decisive factor in the historic decline in mortality.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Second<\/strong>, Suppression is contingent, not permanent. Except for smallpox\u2014the only case of absolute eradication\u2014pathogens are still present. <em>Clostridium tetani<\/em> It lives in the soil and is impossible to eradicate, and measles or pertussis reappear as soon as herd immunity falls below the 95% threshold. Protection requires continuous maintenance.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Third<\/strong>, Coverage has stagnated. <strong>2024<\/strong>, he <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">85%<\/span> Of the infants, approximately 109 million completed the three doses of DTP3, a recovery from the 821% in 2021 but still below the pre-pandemic 861% in 2019. The first dose against measles remains frozen in a <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">84%<\/span>, far from the required 95%.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Room<\/strong>, However, a chasm of inequality persists. In 2024, <span class=\"mm-keyfig\">14.3 million<\/span> Some babies received no vaccines at all\u2014the so-called \u201czero-doses\u201d\u2014and another 5.6 million were only partially protected: nearly 20 million vulnerable children, more than half of them concentrated in just ten countries affected by conflict and poverty. The future imperative, according to the WHO itself, is to treat the logistics of immunization as a fundamental right for the continuation of human life.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"mm-refs\"><h3>Selected references<\/h3><ol>\n<li>Shattock, AJ, et al. (2024). <em>Contribution of vaccination to improved survival and health: modeling 50 years of the Expanded Program on Immunization.<\/em> The Lancet.<\/li>\n<li>World Health Organization (2024). <em>Global immunization efforts have saved at least 154 million lives over the past 50 years.<\/em> WHO News.<\/li>\n<li>World Health Organization. <em>A Brief History of Vaccination.<\/em> WHO Spotlight.<\/li>\n<li>World Health Organization. <em>History of smallpox vaccination.<\/em> WHO Spotlight.<\/li>\n<li>Our World in Data. <em>Smallpox<\/em> y <em>Number of lives saved by vaccines from 1974 to 2024.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>History of Vaccines (College of Physicians of Philadelphia). <em>Vaccine Timeline.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Saleh, A., et al. <em>History of vaccination.<\/em> PMC \/ NIH (PMC4151719).<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia. <em>Timeline of human vaccines<\/em> y <em>BCG vaccine.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>World Health Organization. <em>Rabies (fact sheet).<\/em><\/li>\n<li>UNICEF \/ WHO (2025). <em>Global childhood vaccination holds steady, yet over 14 million infants remain unvaccinated.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>World Health Organization. <em>Immunization coverage (fact sheet).<\/em><\/li>\n<li>CDC (2024). <em>Routine Vaccination Coverage \u2014 Worldwide, 2023.<\/em> MMWR.<\/li>\n<li>Children&#039;s Hospital of Boston. <em>100 years after the advent of TB vaccines.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Spandidos Publications (2026). <em>Global reduction in morbidity and mortality due to vaccine development against major infectious pathogens, 1974\u20132024 (Review).<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DE LA VIRUELA A LOS 154 MILLONES: LA ANATOM\u00cdA FORENSE DE LAS VACUNAS Dos Siglos de Inmunizaci\u00f3n, Estad\u00edstica y la Cifra que Reescribi\u00f3 la Demograf\u00eda Humana Nota editorial. Este dossier es una revisi\u00f3n documental de literatura hist\u00f3rica, epidemiol\u00f3gica y de modelado estad\u00edstico publicado en revistas revisadas por pares. No constituye consejo m\u00e9dico ni un calendario [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":715,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[51,45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-longevidad-metricas","category-noticias"],"acf":{"hallazgo_clave":"La vacunaci\u00f3n salv\u00f3 154 millones de vidas en 50 a\u00f1os; el 95% eran menores de 5 a\u00f1os (modelado The Lancet\/OMS, 2024).","tiempo_lectura":12,"nivel_evidencia":"anecdotico","fuente_original":"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38705159\/","protocolo_aplicable":false,"referencias_texto":"","tags_cientificos":"inmunizaci\u00f3n, EPI, sarampi\u00f3n, BCG, poliomielitis, viruela, The Lancet, OMS, mortalidad infantil, inmunidad de reba\u00f1o"},"hallazgo_clave":"La vacunaci\u00f3n salv\u00f3 154 millones de vidas en 50 a\u00f1os; el 95% eran menores de 5 a\u00f1os (modelado The Lancet\/OMS, 2024).","tiempo_lectura":"12","nivel_evidencia":"anecdotico","fuente_original":"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38705159\/","protocolo_aplicable":false,"referencias_texto":"","tags_cientificos":"inmunizaci\u00f3n, EPI, sarampi\u00f3n, BCG, poliomielitis, viruela, The Lancet, OMS, mortalidad infantil, inmunidad de reba\u00f1o","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/716","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=716"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/716\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":718,"href":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/716\/revisions\/718"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/715"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=716"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=716"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/menteymanzana.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}